Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices

List of Figures List of Tables Foreword Acknowledgments Chapter 1.....History, Theory, and Chemicals Fluoridation History Bone and Tooth Incorporation of Fluoride Tooth Decay Health Effects Legal Issues Chemicals Chapter 2....Fluoridation SystemPlanning General System Configurations Chemical Selection Guidelines Preliminary Calculations Feed Rate and Dosage Calculations Example Feed Rate Calculations Example Calculated Dosage Problems Simplification of Feed Rate and Dosage Calculations Chapter 3....Design, Equipment, and Installation Design Feeders Auxiliary Equipment Chapter 4....Operation and Maintenance Control Scheme Troubleshooting Records Maintenance Safety Chapter 5....Defluoridation Activated Alumina (AA) Treatment Process Reverse Osmosis Treatment Additional Sources of Information Index Manual Figures Figure 1-1 Dental caries and dental fluorosis in relation to fluoride in public water supplies Figure 1-2 The demineralization and remineralization processes lead to remineralized enamel crystals with surfaces rich in fluoride and lower in solubility Figure 2-1 Acid feed installation Figure 2-2 Solution fluoride saturator Figure 2-3 Dry feed installation with volumetric feeder Figure 2-4 Dry feed installation with gravimetric feeder Figure 2-5 Optimal fluoride levels Figure 2-6 Fluoridation nomograph Figure 2-7 Fluoridation alignment chart Figure 3-1 Fluoride injection point Figure 3-2 Positive-displacement solution feeders Figure 3-3 Upflow saturator Figure 3-4 Downflow saturator Figure 3-5 Screw-type volumetric dry feeder Figure 3-6 Roll-type volumetric dry feeder Figure 3-7 Belt-type gravimetric feeder Figure 3-8 Gravimetric feeder - loss-in-weight type Figure 3-9 Pacing meter-electronic metering pump Figure 3-10 Pacing meter-variable-speed motor control Figure 4-1 Simplified process control scheme Figure 5-1 The process Schematic Flow Diagram Figure 5-2 A typical reverse osmosis system Tables Table 1-1 Number of people and percentage of the population receiving optimally fluoridated water through public water systems (PWS), by state - US, 1992 and 2000 Table 1-2 Years when Canadian cities began fluoridation Table 1-3 Characteristics of fluoride compounds Table 2-1 Fluoridation planning checklist Table 2-2 Optimal fluoride levels Table 2-3 Typical values of purity and available fluoride ion (AFI) Table 2-4 Fluoride calculation factors Table 3-1 Detention time of sodium fluorosilicate in dissolving tanks Table 4-1 Interfering substances Table 4-2 Emergency treatment for ingested fluoride overdose of fluorosilicic acid H2SiF6 Table 4-3 Emergency treatment for ingested fluoride overdose of dry fluoride chemicals NaF and Na2SiF6 Table 4-4 Summary of reported fluoride overfeed incidents in public water systems Table 4-5 Recommended fluoride overfeed actionAmerican Water Works Association Staff is the author of 'Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices', published 2004 under ISBN 9781583213117 and ISBN 1583213112.